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Thứ Sáu, tháng 2 25, 2005

No.0108
Yếu Tố Văn Hóa Kết Hợp Chặt Chẽ Trung Quốc và Ấn Độ

by Eric Teo Chu Cheow, China Daily, Feb 25, 2005

Hai con Khủng Long Trung Hoa và Ấn Độ bắt đầu tỉnh giấc trong cuộc thảo luận về đại hội kinh tế toàn cầu Davos gần đây. Ấn Độ trở nên thành viên chính thức cuả hội đồng bảo an liên hiệp quốc, trong khi Trung Hoa được mờI tham dự lần thứ 2 cuộc gặp gỡ thượng đỉnh 7 nước về tài chánh ở Luân Đôn, sau khi được mời lần đâù tiên tại Hội Nghị này tạt Washington vào mùa thu năm ngoái.
Nền kinh tế đang phát triễn mạnh mẽ cuả Ấn Độ và Trung Quốc sẽ là động lực thúc đẩy các nước Á Châu Phát triển trong 1 tương lai rất gần..
Nhưng thật ra, Lịch Sử và Văn Hoá giữa Trung Hoa và Ấn Độ có 1 sự liên quan chặt chẻ bắt đầu vào thế kỹ thứ nhất cho đến thế kỷ thứ 10 sau công nguyên, Phật Giáo được truyền bá mạnh mẻ vào Trung Hoa, sau đó tại Nhật Bãn, Đại Hàn và Việt Nam thông qua con đường tơ lụa giữa Trung Hoa và Ấn Độ. Phật Giáo từ đó được phổ cập và phát triển nền văn minh Trung Hoa, thông qua các triều Đại nhà Hán, Nhà Tuỳ va` Nhà Đường, và sau cùng trở thành 1 tôn giáo chính ỡ Trung Hoa.
Tiếp sau đó nền Phật Giáo Nguyên Thuỹ được truyền bá mạnh mẽ và lan rộng sang Miến Điện, ThaiLand, Lào, và Campuchia.
2 nền Văn hoá Phật Giáo lớn của Trung Hoa và Ấn Độ đã ãnh hưỡng một cách sâu sắc đến phong tục tập quán văn hóa kiến trúc và nghệ thuật chạm trỗ chuà chiền ở các nước Châu Á này.
Trong suốt triều đại nhà Tùy Trung Hoa, Phật Giáo là 1 tôn giáo được kết hợp chặt chẽ hài hoà giữa Nền văn hóa và nghệ thuật chạm trỗ chuà chiền tại Trung Hoa.
Mặc dù Phât giáo đựơc truyền bá sớm vào Trung Hoa vào triều đại nhà Hán, nhưng đạo phật và triết lý Phật Giáo chỉ ãnh hưỡng và phát triễn sâu rộng vào cuối thế kỹ thứ 10 sau công nguyên vì thích ứng với hoàn cãnh và phong tục tập qua’n cũa xã hôi Trung Hoa.
Hôi Hoạ, Nghệ Thuật Điêu Khắc, Nghệ Thuật Viết Chữ là 3 nét nổi bật trong sự giao hoà giưã hai nền văn hoá Ấn Độ và Trung Hoa khoãng hơn 1000 năm , sau đó được mỡ mang và ãnh hưỡng mạnh mẽ đến Nhật Bãn và các nước Châu Á còn lại.

Lược Dịch: DươngTiêu


Cultural factors bind China and India

by Eric Teo Chu Cheow, China Daily, Feb 25, 2005

Beijing, China -- The buzz today is over the rise of China and India in the big global power shift, as witnessed during the recent Davos World Economic Forum. The two Asian giants' rise is being reflected in the international arena. India is seeking a permanent seat at the United Nations Security Council, while China has been invited to attend the G-7 Finance Ministers' Meeting in London, after its first invitation to a similar rendezvous in Washington last autumn. In a speech to launch the Institute of South Asian Studies, Singapore's Senior Minister Goh Chok Tong said, "As China and India grow, they will inevitably loom larger on each other's radar screens. Economic growth will give Beijing and New Delhi the resources to pursue wider strategic interests across the Asian continent."
But in fact, historical and cultural ties between China and India had already flourished between the first and 10th centuries AD, thanks to the arrival of Buddhism in China (and then in Japan, Korea and Viet Nam) via the Silk Road, that links India to China. This cultural dimension helped shape Chinese civilization from the Han Dynasty all the way to the Sui and Tang dynasties, the latter being considered the apogee, as well as then the decline, of Buddhism in China.
China was thus linked culturally to India, via its adoption and transformation of Mahayana Buddhism (of the "Large Vehicle," as opposed to Hinayana Buddhism of the "Small Vehicle," which spread from Sri Lanka to Myanmar, Thailand, Laos and Cambodia). Both were already pursuing their "wider Asian interests" then, as they dominated the philosophical and cultural psyche of Asia. This "civilization dialogue" between China and India (and through China to the rest of Confucianist Asia) could be seen in three aspects of Chinese civilization: architecture and temple-building, sculpture (in China's famous "temple caves"), and paintings and creative arts.
The teachings of Gautama Buddha indeed added flavour to Chinese civilization. Buddhism "with Chinese characteristics" had in fact helped galvanize Chinese civilization, as was built up to an apogee (of Chinese culture and civilization) during the Tang Dynasty. The Tang was also at the zenith of Chinese art and culture in its millennium-old history, and India and Buddhism have undoubtedly contributed to China's cultural apogee.
Although Buddhism was first introduced to the Chinese courts during the Han Dynasty, the religion only pervaded Chinese society and culture progressively, as Buddhist concepts and philosophy were infused into a fast-developing and affluent Chinese society, with its own inherent characteristics and personality.
Mary Treagar, a renowned specialist of Chinese art and fellow of the British Academy, wrote in her thesis on "Chinese Art": "Just as Buddhist narrative traditions enriched the literary culture of China, so Buddhist traditions of iconography, temple and tomb building, and painting on scrolls and walls, opened up new possibilities for artistic culture in China. In sculpture and painting, Buddhist iconography was adopted and adapted to fit in with native systems of belief, while the Buddhist temple became the model for all temples, Taoist and Confucian."
Nowhere was Buddhism's impact better felt in architecture than in temple-building, where classic temple compounds of the Chang'an period (7th century China) clearly followed Buddhist lines. But thanks to Chinese ingenuity, the Indian stupa became progressively transformed from its original monolithic structure to a tiered pagoda - true Sino-Buddhist architectural originality. Pagodas then evolved into seven-storey monuments, given that "seven" was the auspicious number during the Tang Dynasty.
This concept of a Buddhist temple complex-cum-pagoda could be best seen in Mount Wutai's Foguangsi Hall, as well as the magnificent Horyuji Temple in Nara, Japan, which was built strictly and preserved along the lines of Chang'an period temples.
Narrative Buddhist paintings received Chinese input during the Tang period, when still rich of Buddhist iconographic art (of the Sui period) gave way to "a rupture of activity" in painting under the Tang. The narration of Buddhist paradise was merged with down-to-earth scenes of daily and court life and done in brilliant colours, thus merging the real and the supernatural in Chinese philosophy; Either pure landscapes or imbued with religious subjects, these large compositions were the start of a rich tradition in Chinese painting.
To decorate Buddhist temples, hanging scrolls were introduced to complement hand scrolls, and Chinese calligraphy, which "accompanied" painting, then made their distinct mark on mural rolls as well.
China and India have "met" and held dialogue with each other for more than a thousand years through Buddhism and the Silk Road. This historical "civilization dialogue" was then extended (thanks to China) to Japan and the rest of East or Confucianist Asia.
As the two Asian giants normalize relations and co-ordinate their strategies in "unifying" Asia, probably high on the agenda of Chinese Prime Minister Wen Jiabao's upcoming visit to New Delhi in March, China and India should not forget their historical links and dialogues, which bound them together in the first millennium AD.

http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=1,836,0,0,1,0